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List of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes : ウィキペディア英語版 | List of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes
This is a list of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes. The Amazon River basin may be the most speciose region for butterflies. Nine countries have territory in the Amazon River basin or immediately adjoin this region: Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. The Andes extends from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. The fauna of the Andes is also diverse. Both regions have many endemic species. South America as a whole constitutes the Neotropical ecozone. Habitats in these two regions are very various and include Amazon rainforest, Atlantic forest, Los Llanos grasslands, Puna grassland and Valdivian temperate rain forest. Peru east of the Andes is regarded as the most important biodiversity hotspot in the world. The two regions (Amazon and Andes) are South America proper excluding the pampas plains of Uruguay and Paraguay which have a distinct butterfly fauna. Isolation has led to the evolution of endemic higher taxa. Instances are Ithomiinae, Dismorphiinae, Phyciodina, Pyrrhopygini, Eumaeini (over 1,000 species), Pronophilina and Eudaminae. Endemic genera (among very many) include ''Morpho'', ''Agrias'', ''Prepona'' ''Caligo'', ''Cithaerias'', ''Catagramma'', ''Parides'', ''Hamadryas'', ''Nessaea'', ''Marpesia'', ''Melanis'' ''Mesosemia'', ''Symmachia'', ''Evenus'', ''Memphis'', ''Pierella'' and ''Astraptes''. Other higher taxa are most speciose in the Neotropics, for instance Riodininae. Many species, notably ''Heliconius'', are members of complex mimicry rings. Adaptive radiation has led to many species being geographically diverse. Examples are ''Consul fabius'' and ''Mechanitis lysimnia''. Notable entomologists associated with Neotropical butterflies are Jean Baptiste Godart, Henry Walter Bates, William Chapman Hewitson, Hans Fruhstorfer, Otto Staudinger, Karl Jordan and Walter Rothschild, Anton Fassl, Hermann Burmeister, William Schaus, Eugène Le Moult, Richard Haensch, Gustav Weymer, Ferdinand Heinrich Hermann Strecker, Andrey Avinoff, Carlos Berg, and Vladimir Nabokov. == Papilionidae ==
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